9th-11th century AD. A hollow ceramic vessel with biconical profile intended to be filled with explosive liquid and wick, used as a hand grenade; four vertical external ribs enclosing textured panels, domed top with vent; mounted on a custom-made stand. Cf. Arendt, W. Irene Granaten des 13-14. Jahrhunderts, die an der Wolga gefunden sind, Zeitschrift fur Historische Waffen-und Kostumkunde, 11 (1926-8), p.42; Arendt, W. Die Spharisch-konischen Gefasse aus Gebranntem Ton, ibid.; Ayalon, D. Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom, London, 1956, p.16. 1.1 kg total, 22cm including stand (8 1/2"). From a private British art and weaponry collection; previously acquired 1970-2000; accompanied by an academic paper by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato, date 15 July 2019 and titled Eastern Roman Empire - Greek Fire Bomb or Hand Grenade (??????? k???????) 9th-11th century AD.